Sylow normality criterion
If the Sylow p-subgroup is unique then it is normal
Sylow normality criterion
Proposition (If then the Sylow p-subgroup is normal). Let be a finite group and let be a prime dividing . Let be a Sylow p-subgroup of , and let denote the number of Sylow -subgroups of . If , then is a normal subgroup of .
Context. Conjugation sends Sylow -subgroups to Sylow -subgroups (and in fact they are all conjugate by Sylow's second theorem ). If there is only one, it must be fixed by conjugation.
Proof sketch. For any , the subgroup is again a Sylow -subgroup (it has the same order as ). If , then necessarily for all . This is exactly the definition of normality: .